Annual Rings-Most species grown in temperate climates produce visible annual growth rings that show the difference in density and color between wood formed early and that formed late in the growing season. The inner part of the growth ring, formed first, is called "spring wood"; the outer part, formed later in the season, is called "summer wood." Spring wood is characterized by cells having relatively large cavities and thin walls. Summer wood cells have smaller cavities and thicker walls. The distinguishing features among the various species result in part, from differences in growth-ring formations. And within species, natural variations in growth ensure the unique character and beauty of each piece of wood.

Plainsawing-Lumber is obtained by making the first saw cut on a tangent to the circumference of the log and remaining cuts parallel to the first. The method is the most economical, because it provides the widest boards and results in the least waste. 

Quartersawing-Lumber is produced by first quartering the log and then sawing perpendicular to the growth rings. Quartersawing produces relatively narrow boards, nearly all vertical-grained, and creates more waste.

Riftsawing-This is similar to quartersawing but the angle of the cut is changed slightly so that fewer saw cuts are parallel to the medullary rays, which are responsible for the flake effect.

Plainsawn-The most common cut. Contains more variation due as the growth rings are more conspicuous.

Quartersawn-Wood twists and cups less and wears more evenly.

Riftsawn-The cut is at a slightly different angle than quartersawn.